一、案例分析(用中文回答，60分)
Stone v. American Lacquer Solvents Co.
343 A. 2d 174 (1975)
Harold E. Stone became chairman of the board of directors of American Lacquer Solvents Co.(hereafter referred to as American) on December 7,1967. On that date,American's board of derectors adopted a resolution that upon Stone's death,his wife,Rachel,would be paid an $8，000 annual pension by American until her death or remarriage. Teh resolution was adopted in consideration for services to be rendered to American by Stone,and it further provided that it could not be revoked without his consent.
In March 1968 Stone and his wife encountered martial difficulties. Stone contacted Shaw,the president and general manager of American,and told him that he wanted the pension resolution cancelled. Shaw contacted the company's legal counsel and,acting in accordance with his advice as to the procedure to be followed,prepared a letter from Stone to the board of directors of American,saving,It is my wish that the Resolution dated December 7,1967 concerning a pension for my wife Rachel be rescinded. Stone signed and personally delivered the letter to Shaw on March 3.
On March 11,1968,Shaw convened a special meeting of the board of directors of American. Five of the seven members of the board attended the meeting;and when Stone's letter was brought to their attention,they voted unanimously to rescind the resolution of December 7,1967. Stone was not notified of the meeting and did not attend.
Stone died on November 1,1968;and when American refused to pay his widow,Rachel,the pension provided for in the resolution,she sued for specific performance. The trial court ruled that the resolution and been validly rescinded by the board at the meeting of March 11,1968,and hence the plaintiff had no claim. She appealed the decision.
Eagen,Justice
As a general rule the directors of a corporation may bind a corporation only when they act at a legal meeting of the board. If they purport to act at a meeting which is not a legal meeting,their action is not that of the corporation,and the corporation,absent ratification or acquiescence,is not bound.
As to special meetings of the board of director of a corporation,the general rule in Pennsylvania is that such a meeting held without notice to some or any of the directors and in their absence is illegal,and action taken at such a meeting,although by a majority of the directors,is invalid absent ratification or estoppel. However,this notice requirement may be waived by a director either prior or subsequent to the special meeting,provided such waive is in writing. Additionally,any action which may properly be taken at a meeting of a board of directors of a corporation may be affected and is binding without a meeting,if a consent in writing setting forth the action so taken is signed by each and every member of the board and filed with the secretary of the corporation.
A reading of the trial court's opinion filed in support of its decree upholding the legality of the Board's section of March 11,1968,rescinding the Board's prior Resolution providing for the payment of the pension to the plaintiff was based on three grounds,any one of which,if corret,would warrant its ruling.
First,the court conclude that Stone's letter of March 3,1968,constituted a consent to the Board's subsequent action rescinding the pension Resolution. The difficulty with this position is that the applicable statute requires that such a consent be executed after the meeting and that it specifically set forth the action taken,and that it be filed with the secretary of the corporation. Stone's letter does not meet these requirements.
Secondly,the court conclude [that] Stone's letter of March 3,1968,constituted a waver of receipt of notice of the meeting of March 11,1968. The difficulty with this position is that the letter does not refer to the meeting or indicatein any way that notice therof is waived. The letter amounts to no more than an expression of desire or consent to rescind the pension Resolution.
In connection with its conclusion that Stone's letter constituted a waiver of notice of the meeting,the court reasoned that no purpose would be served by Stone's presence at the meeting since the other Directors were merely acceding to Stone's wishes and request. This analysis overlooks the rational for the salurary rule that all direcors receive notice of special meeting. That rationale is that each member of a corporate body has the right of consultation with the others,and has the right to be heard upon all questions considered,and it is presumed that if the absent members had been present they might have dissented,and their arguments might have convinced the majotiry of the unwisdom of their proposed action and thus have produced a different result. We agree with this rationale and,in view of the presumption embodied therein,we cannot concur in the trial court's premise that Stone and other Directors were of one mind as regards the pension rescission. In relation to this,we specifically note that another member of the Board of Directors failed to attend the meeting of March 11,1968,and there is nothing in the record to show if he received notice of the meeting,or ever consented to the action taken the meeting.
Finally,the court concluded that the rescinding resolution of Board was voidable only and that Stone's silence and failure to object thereto prior to hes death amounted to a ratification. The difficulty with this position is that there is nothing in the record to show that Stone was ever made aware that the meeting of March 11,1968,had been held or knew the rescinding resolution had been adopted by the Board. Under the circumstances,it cannot be said a ratification was effected……
[R]eversed and …… remanded for further proceeding……
思考题：
1.请以时间顺序为线索陈述本案基本事实。
2.为什么原告要求实际履行的救济方法？
3.根据宾州公司法,在什么情况下董事会特别会议可宣布为无效？
4.初审法院是基于哪三条理由驳回原告起诉的？上诉法院是如何分别否定这三条理由的？
5. Mr. Stone 生前还可以采取什么补救办法避免出现本案判决？
二、英译汉(共60分)
1、 APPLYING VALUATION THEORY TO LAW PRACTICE
We have seen that some of the poorest methods of valuation are often used in practice. And what of the undisputed favorite- DCF？ One writer says succinctly： capitalization of earnings ordinarily is not a desirable method of setting the values of shares in a close corporation. This is not because it doesn't make sense,but because it requires estimationof the inestimable： future cash flows and the appropriate discount rate. That's only two things to estimate,as we said before,but they are often too difficult to serve as good planning guides.
How then do we values in practice？ We use the information we have,trying best to stick to the sensible theory of DCF. Applying theories of valuation to a world of imperfect knowledge is the job for the accountant,appraiser,financial analyst and entrepreneur. And it is the good attorney's job to understand what these people are doing when legal issues arise. The next part reviews the bookkeeping and related issues of making payments to owners,and in the next three parts we turn to the most common applications of this valuation theory.
2. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
There is no expression in German law corresponding to the one of corporate governance.. As seen from the American perspective corporate governance deals with the role of the different interests relevant in a corporation and their representatives and ultimately the question of how the law regulates or should regulate thes roles. German law,including employees among the agents of the AG who participate in management has already made an important step into that direction. The corporation does not only serve the interests of the shareholders.
Taking into account other interests as opposed to only those of the shareholders is visibly reflected in the notion of the interest of the corporation as a formula to harmonize the different powers and groups acting in a corporation. One of the questions raised in this context is ,which particular interests are to be considered as relevant for the AG in certain situations. Another question to be answered is according to which criteria conflicts between them are to be decided.
3. Appraisal
Many state statutes provide that shareholders may have the right to seek an appraisal of their shares in certain fundamental transactions such as a merger. In the nineteenth century when corporations were small and formed for limited pruposes mergers required a unanimous shareholder vote. As corporations grew that requirement was viewed as restrictive and was changed to a lower vote but the legislatures provided for and appraisal remedy. With appraisal,shareholders can seek a court valuation of their shares based upon fair values and be paid in cash. This right of exit can serve as a monitoring device because arguably directors would seek the highest price in such a transaction to avoid many share holders seeking this remedy. But appraisal has limitations because it used to employ conservative methods of valuation,it was time consuming,did not require any payments until the appraisal proceeding was completed,attorneys and experts fees were expensive and interest was not assured.
4. Classified Boards of Directors
Most states permit a board of directors consisting of nine or more directors to be classified or staggered so that approximately one-third of the directors are elected each year,and each individual director is elected for a three year term. In states where cumulative voting is mandatory,and sometimes in corporations formed in other states as well,it is not uncommon to employ this device to minimize the effects of cumulative voting because it takes a larger minority interest to elect one of three directors than it does to elect one of nine directors. For example,if there are nine directors elected each year,ten per cent of the stock can elect a director;if the nine directors are classified and three are elected each year,it takes twenty-five per cent of the stock to elect a director. (If you do not believe these percentages,try them out on the formulas set forth above.)
The theorecical justification for classification is that it ensures experience of service on the board,since only one-half or one-third of the board will be elected each year. However,experience of service is usually not a major motivating factor for classifying a board,since as a proctical matter,experience of service is usually provided by the simple process of reelecting the same persons as directors year after year.
Another consequence of a classified board is that where an aggressor has acquired a majority of the outstanding shares or where a controlling interest in a corporation has been sold to outsiders,there may be a period during which directors elected by the prior shareholders are continued in office. Where the board consists of three classes,for example,a person becoming a majority shareholder cannot be assured of electing a majority of the board for more than two full years. In some instances classification has been proposed in publicly held corporations primarily for this reason even though the corporation does not have cumulative voting. This consequence does not arise where,as is usually the case today,the shareholders have power to remove directors without cause.
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