一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）
1、“艺术是影子的影子”
2、“美即关系”
3、“市民剧”
4、the intentional fallacy
5、合式
6、《论素朴的诗与感伤的诗》
二、简答（10分）
1、如何理解黑格尔关于美的定义——“美是理念的感性显现”？
三、阅读下面两段文字，分别指出它们的作者，说明其基本观点并作简要评述（每题15分，共30分）
1、悲剧是对于一个严肃、完整、有一定长度的行动的摹仿；它的媒介是语言，具有各种悦耳之音，分别在剧的各部分使用；摹仿方式是借人物的动作来表达，而不是采用叙述法；借引用怜悯和恐惧来使这种情感得到陶冶（Katharsis）
2、The object of the science of literature is not literature, but literariness——that is, that which makes a given work a work of literature. Until now literary historians have preferred to act like the policeman who, intending to arrest a certain person, would, at any opportunity, seize any and all persons who chanced into the apartment, as well as those who passed along the street. The literary historians used everything——anthropology, psychology, politics, philosophy. Instead of a science of literature, they created a conglomeration of homespun disciplines. They seemed to have forgotten that their essays strayed into related disciplines——the history of philosophy, the history of culture, of psychology, etc.——and that these could rightly use literary masterpieces only as defective, secondary documents.
四、论述（30分）
在20世纪以前，西方文论主要是从作者及其社会历史环境的角度来考察文学。20世纪以来，西方文论的理论视点发生了转移，请举例说明并评述文学理论视点的转移以及对西方文学史观的影响。
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