本末
本义指草木的根和梢，引申而为中国哲学的重要概念。其含义可以概括为三个方面：其一，指具有不同价值和重要性的事物，根本的、主要的事物为本，非根本的、次要的事物为末其二，世界的本体或本原为本，具体的事物或现象为末其三，在道家的政治哲学中，无为之治下的自然状态为本，各种具体的道德、纲常为末。在本末对待的关系中，本具有根本性、主导性的作用和意义，末由本而生，依赖本而存在，但本的作用的发挥仍需以末为载体。二者既相互区别，又相互依赖。
Ben and Mo (The Fundamental and the Incidental)
The two characters literally mean the different parts of a plant, namely, its root and its foliage. The extended meaning is an important concept in Chinese philosophical discourse. The term can be understood in three different ways. 1) Ben (本) refers to what is fundamental or essential, while mo(末) means what is minor or incidental, two qualities that differ in value and importance. 2) Ben refers to the existence of the world in an ontological sense, while mo represents any specific thing or phenomenon. 3) In Daoist political philosophy ben is a state in which rule is exercised by not disrupting the natural order of the world, while mo refers to moral standards and fundamental principles governing social behavior. In any ben-mo relationship, ben is most important and plays a dominant role, while mo exists thanks to ben. On the other hand, it is through the vehicle of mo thatben exerts its influence. Thus the two, though different, are mutually dependent.
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【引例】
子夏之门人小子，当洒扫应对进退，则可矣，抑末也。本之则无，如之何?(《论语子张》)
崇本以举其末。(王弼《老子注》)
Zixias students can clean, receive guests, and engage in social interaction, but these are trivial things. They have not learned the fundamentals. How can this be sufficient? (The Analects)
One should respect, not interfere with, the natural order of the world, and apply this principle when establishing moral standards, social norms, and laws and regulations. (Wang Bi: Commentaries on Laozi)